Cell Phones And Its Impact On Society - 892 Words

In today’s society, smartphones dominate as one of the top accessories, but there might be a problem lurking beneath that shiny exterior. Cell phones have made a dramatic advancement from the bricks with antennas to the sleek touch screen that seems to occupy the hands of every teen and working adult. These smartphones act as a status symbol for what’s in style as well as who’s on top of the social pyramid regarding the large variety of social media that can be accessed through such a small device. The younger generations might argue that cell phones are absolutely necessary in today’s society, yet youths display behaviors that create a block between their person and the rest of the people around them. While smartphones are a popular accessory, there are issues of overuse that can lead to detrimental behaviors regarding face-to-face communication and healthy behavior. Cell phones have advanced in leaps and bounds becoming one of today’s biggest industries. According to Tim Brookes Dr. Martin Cooper worked at Motorola as a researcher and executive member and made the first phone call from a cell phone on April 3, 1973. From there the cell phone only continued to advance. There has been the 1G network made for just phone calls to the 2G network with faster service and cool, downloadable ringtones. Then came the 3G network that was pioneered in Japan and allowed people to access the internet from their handheld devices. As of today the 4G is the fastest service thatShow MoreRelatedCell Phones And Its Impact On Society929 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Cell phones play an important role in the exchange of information throughout the world today. The impact of this technological revolution across the globe has demonstrated a drastic change in which humans interact by carrying out real-time communication using cell phones. An analysis by Ezoe et al., (2009) in a survey about Harvard University students behaviors and addictions when using phones concluded that more than 65% of the college students directly interact with phones and more thanRead MoreImpact Of Cell Phones On Society1509 Words   |  7 PagesImpacts of Cellphones use in Society Advancements in technology have resulted in the invention of devices and machines that increase the efficiency and quality of life. Notably, the design of the cellphone and the internet highlights the latest technology that captivates both young and old. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our society. Primarily, the development of cellphones which combine different sophisticated features has made the device one of the necessities of life. So far, statisticsRead MoreCell Phones And Its Impact On Society1575 Words   |  7 Pagesthe father of the cell phone Martin Cooper, over 90% of people, just in the United States, possess his creation in their pockets (Mobile Technology Fact Sheet). Little did he know that these complex devices could grow to their current demand and start to pose a danger to society. Cell phones are a detrimental technology that is disrupting our way of life. The creator of the mobile phone, Martin Cooper, had an interesting history leading him up to the invention of the cell phone. Born on DecemberRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Cell Phones On Society1074 Words   |  5 PagesToday phones are an important part of society. Everybody seems to have a phone, people can generally observe somebody messaging, on the internet or just making a quick call. Many detect these to be greatly helpful assets for everyday life; however, the vast majority do not stop to consider the negative impacts that mobile phones could have on someone well being and living. In the last 15 years, nothing has impacted society like cell phones. Cell phones were once was an item of luxury has now becomeRead MoreCell Phones And Its Impact On Modern Society2440 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Throughout the years especially in 2015, society has been very dependent on the utilization of technology. Cellphones immediately come to mind when we speak of technology, as they are advertised everywhere and sold in every place of America, everything around us is powered by some form of technology. Computers have replace newspaper. Cellphones have replaced so many devices that now this gadget has enslaved us, in average we check our cellphones approximately 10-20 times in one hour.Read MoreImpact of the Light Bulb and Cell Phone on Society1353 Words   |  6 Pageshours, to bulbs that can now last over ten thousand hours. From a simple cellular phone only capable of making phone calls, to today’s smartphones that have effectively changed the way we interact with one another. Although there will always be opponents of technology, there is no denying that is has positively impacted modern society, and the way we live, work, and communicate. Thomas Alva Edison In today’s society, when a light bulb goes out, we think nothing of it. It is easy to drive to theRead MoreCell Phones : Positive And Negative Impacts On Society873 Words   |  4 PagesThere has been a lot of controversy over use cell phones along with the positive and negative impacts that it has reflected on society. Today, cell phones are used for numerous amounts of things that could play a role into a person’s everyday life. Cell phones could also be overpowering when not being used for certain things. Therefore, it is truly up to the individual on how they interact with their cell phone or smart phone. Cell phones sometimes come in handy even in unexpected situations. TheRead MoreMaterialism in Society1161 Words   |  5 Pagesand 400 dollar Dolce Gabbana cell phones are across our nation. The cell phone has grown tremendously over the years in both technology and its appearance from the dorky huge box to a fashion statement. The invention of the cell phone has helped our country as well as others in many ways of communication such as: for business, family, and emergencies. However, people have become negatively addicted to cell phones and are abusing them. The cell phone has taken impact and has attracted those who areRead MoreImportance Of Cell Phone Safety Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe cell phone safety In spite of the fact that cell phones convey a few expediency and advantages to our lives, they additionally have some possibly unsafe impacts. Disclosure of cell phones has been one of the critical technological progress lately. A portion of these effects has contributed emphatically to our lives, yet at the same time, others have affected contrarily. The cell phones have had a noticeable effect on the social life of individuals. In any case, cell phones have accompaniedRead MoreMobile Phones And The Mobile Phone987 Words   |  4 PagesIn this day and age, it is almost impossible to not have a cell phone; the number of people who own a cell phone is growing every year. â€Å"At the end of 2011, there were almost 6 billion mobile subscriptions. That is a dramatic increase from 5.4 billion in 2010 and 4.7 billion mobile subscriptions in 2009† (International Tele - communications Union, 2011). With the introduction into society the cell phone established a convenient way to communicate between individuals, and they have also connected

An Analysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby Essay

Kate Chopin life and her short story Dà ©sirà ©e’s Baby Chopin was an American novelist and she also wrote many short stories. Chopin was a feminist pioneer movement on American literature and the world. Chopin was born in St. Louis Missouri on February 8, 1850. Her father was an Irish immigrant who was a very successful businessman. Chopin father died when she was a little girl. For that reason, she grew up with her mother and grandmother since she was a child. She was an insatiable reader and that was her favory pass time. Chopin developed a fine taste for a literature in general, what make her select for her readings the greater and important master of that time. Chopin uses to read novels, poetry, and classics as well as religious topics. Chopin husband Oscar died 12 years later after their married. Oscar leaves her with six children and financial debt, that was passed on to her. As consequence, she decided to move with her kids to her mom house. However, her mom also died a year later. As a result of her losses she fell into depress ion, making her life more difficult. Chopin was advised by her doctor to put her feelings and thoughts into writing. Chopin took the therapy to her heart and started writing inmiadiatly. As a consequence, she emerged as a successful writer with a brilliant professional career, that also provided her a source of income for her family. Chopin first novel was At Fault, that is part of her short stories work , that was firstShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Desiree s Baby By Kate Chopin1446 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Desiree’s Baby In the story Desiree s Baby by Kate Chopin the plot mainly revolves around race issues and also includes elements of sexism. In terms of race the difference between being white and being black shows vital importance in the characters lives through the story. As Desiree and Armand both originally associate themselves with the white class, once the plot unveils their black heritage they are faced with uncertainty, and ultimately their lives become meaninglessRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 987 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding of people are compromised.† Kate Chopin’s story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a story solely of racial identity, sexism, pride and love. Throughout, there’s symbolism to indicate unequal gender functions, as well as racial prejudice. Readers become mindful of the effects love and pride has over actions, as the story foreshadows numerously. Thoroughly, analytical evidence will focus on the irony of racial identity, symbolism of sexism, pride and love. Desiree’s Baby is a short story centered directlyRead MoreAn Analysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 1705 Words   |  7 Pagesand published in 1893, Kate Chopin’s work â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a short story about miscegenation within a French family living in Louisiana in the late nineteenth century. Miscegenation is defined as the mixture of different racial groups, through marriage or cohabitation, between a white race and a member of another race. Chopin writes this piece of realistic fiction which exposes the issues of society that would not be faced until many years after her death. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† revolves around two mainRead MoreAnalysis Of Desiree s Baby By Kate Chopin919 Words   |  4 PagesDesiree’s Baby†: An Annotated bibliography Thesis: Kate Chopin combines the racial and social differences on the eighteen century, in which people have to face racial discrimination amongst a social empire, which brings many conflicts within diverse couples about their firstborns. Chopin, Kate Desiree’s Baby. Short Stories (print 7/14/2015). In the short story, Desiree’s Baby, written by Kate Chopin there is a about of karma and consequences that produce the drama on the literature. The storyRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s Desiree s Baby 951 Words   |  4 Pagesa major problem in the late nineteenth century. In Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Desiree’s Baby†, there were characters with extreme views towards race which led to a gruesome death. The major conflicts in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† are from Armand assuming what he thought about Desiree was right, and not taking another answer that could be a possibility. Armand was the antagonist of the story and struggles against the beliefs that the country has about race. Desiree, the protagonist was in conflict with Armand over whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Kate Chopin s `` Desiree s Baby ``822 Words   |  4 PagesRegionalism reflected in Kate Chopin’s Writings During the latter half of the nineteenth-century, American literature had a renaissance with the development of new writing styles that strived to fully grasp and express the American way of life. Regionalism, which is a writing style that incorporates setting, dialect, and local color of certain regions of the United States was prominent among these new writing styles. Kate Chopin, one of the most prominent feminist writers of the nineteenth-centuryRead MoreAn Analysis Of Armand Aubigny s Desiree s Baby 1538 Words   |  7 PagesArmand Aubigny’s Pride in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† by Kate Chopin Through history, we have always yearned independence and equality as human beings. Undoubtedly, Kate Chopin is an extraordinary example She has landed a commendable place among American writers worthy of recognition. Born in St. Louis, Missouri in 1850, Kate was raised by strong women who taught her the value of an education. Her family gave her a revolutionary vision and a feminist personality, but it was her talented and passionate skillsRead MoreAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words   |  6 PagesENGL 1102 – Comp/Lit Essay 2 (Mulry) Sellers, James R – 920022413 Due Date: April 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, whichRead MoreInferences Lead to Tragedy: Irony that Ruins in Kate Chopins Desirees Baby744 Words   |  3 Pages Kate Chopin utilizes irony in â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† to warn people of the dangers of racism and how it can victimize not only the hated race, but also the one who is racist. â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† is a tale about a young slave owner, Armand, with a well-respected name in Louisiana. He marries an adopted woman named Desiree and once they have their child, he notices that the baby has black features. He assumes that since he does not know his wife’s racial background that his wife must have some sort ofRead MoreDesiree s Baby : A Literary Analysis1582 Words   |  7 PagesDesiree’s Baby—A Literary Analysis In the short story, â€Å"Desiree’s Baby,† Kate Chopin exposes the harsh realities of racial divide, male dominance, and slavery in Antebellum Louisiana. Although written in 1894, Chopin revisits the deep-south during a period of white privilege and slavery. Told through third-person narration, the reader is introduced to characters whose individual morals and values become the key elements leading to the ironic downfall of this antebellum romance. As Chopin takes the

Efficient Use of Fertilizers Free Essays

string(90) " crop between leaching rains rather than only the amount applied in a single fertigation\." Soil Chemistry †¢ Water Quality Concerns †¢ Fertilizers for Injection Into Irrigation †¢ Use Fertigation Properly and According to Regulations †¢ Irrigation Scheduling Fertigation †¢ Other Important Factors to Consider When Fertigating Fertigation is defined as the application of nutrients using an irrigation system by introducing the nutrients into the water flowing through the system. The first reported application of commercial fertilizer through a sprinkler irrigation system was in 1958.Today, we routinely inject fertilizer solutions and suspensions into irrigation systems via calibrated injection pumps that insure precision over both space and time. We will write a custom essay sample on Efficient Use of Fertilizers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fertigation has increased dramatically in the past 15 years, particularly for sprinkler and drip systems. For drip systems, the expansion is mostly in horticultural and high value crops. In agricultural areas with declining water supplies, drip systems have also increased. With increased irrigation, a corresponding increase in fertigation has taken place. It will continue to grow since such Figure 10. Overhead sprinkler irrigation system. systems result in less water usage and better uniformity and lend themselves to the technique much more readily than the less water-efficient and non-uniform furrow and flood systems being replaced. Effective fertigation requires knowledge of certain plant characteristics such as optimum daily nutrient consumption rate and root distribution in the soil. Nutrient characteristics such as solubility and mobility are important and irrigation water quality factors such as pH, mineral content, salinity and nutrient solubility must be considered.The need for irrigation is the main factor in fertigation because the irrigation system is primarily installed to provide water. The opportunity to fertigate is an added benefit. This chapter will address issues that must be considered to achieve maximum benefits when fertigating. 1 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Figure 10. 2 Growers often plant vegetables under plastic mulch and fertigate using drip/trickle irrigation. Soil Chemistry Cropping and fertilization history as well as basic soil chemical properties also need to be considered prior to fertigation.Soil testing by the method recommended in a specific area is the best way to assess current fertility needs. Particular attention should be given to soil pH and its adjustment to an appropriate range for the crop to be grown. Proper pH can have a great effect on the availability of residual nutrients in soil as well as those added via fertigation. Any required soil pH adjustments should be made using conventional incorporation techniques. Fertigation is not utilized to alter soil pH’s.Cation exchange capacity (discussed in The Soil Defined) is an important consideration in determining the quantity of cations that will be retained during fertigation. In order to maintain an acceptable concentration of cations in solution, a soil with a low CEC must have its cations replaced via fertigation more often than one with a relatively high CEC, which can hold a greater quantity of ions. Since nutrients are easily added with fertigation, it is most practical on sandy, droughty soils with low CEC. These soils need frequent irrigation and nutrient replenishment.Previous chapters in this book have explained soil movement of nutrient elements when applied by conventional fertilization methods. Since fertigation does not negate classical soil chemistry, fertigated nutrients behave similarly to conventionally applied soluble nutrients followed by rainfall or irrigation. A reminder – only small quantities of nutrients applied by an overhead sprinkler system are absorbed by the foliage. There is some concern that since nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) is highly mobile, it may leach past the root system and reach groundwater.However, leaching of NO3-N in the sands 2 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars of the Southern Coastal Plain has been evaluated. Georgia researchers compared conventional sidedress for corn with fertigation split 6 to 9 times during the growing season. Soil NO3-N with depth was evaluated in late July (near maturity). Soil NO3-N for the fertigated treatments was greater in the surface and to depths of 2 inches than for the conventional treatment. At a depth of 2 feet, greater concentrations of NO3-N were found for the conventional application.Data such as these support the application of smaller amounts of N more frequently in order to expose lesser quantities to the possibility of leaching. In contrast to nitrate N, phosphorus (P) fertilizer moves very little in the soil. When broadcast on the soil surface, it will not normally move more than l to 2 inches below the soil surface. Therefore, fertigation of P is highly inefficient when using sprinkler or flood irrigation techniques. However, P fertilizer applied in drip systems may be rather efficient. An advantage of drip irrigation is that plant nutrients can be applied directly in the root zone.Since the majority of roots in drip-irrigated crops are located within the wetting zone, drip applied P will be placed in the soil region containing the highest root density. Therefore, the P applied in this manner is generally used more efficiently by plants than if the same amount of P were surface applied. Water Quality Considerations For successful fertigation, careful attention must be given to water quality. The quality of water required depends on several factors, but foremost is the type of fertigation. Drip fertigation requires the highest quality water, i. . , free of suspended solids and microorganisms that plug small orifices in emitters. Only solutions should be used for drip/trickle fertigation. As the orifice size increases, e. g. on sprinkler systems, suspensions can be tolerated. Precipitation of fertilizers within the irrigation systems can be a very serious problem if solubilities are exceeded. One such problem commonly encountered is with calcium concentrations exceeding about 100 ppm. As calcium concentration increases and phosphates are injected, the probability of precipitation increases.When the water contains very high levels of calcium and magnesium, an injection of ammonium phosphates will result in precipitates deposited on pipe walls as well as in orifices and sprinklers. Often this will completely plug the irrigation system. If appreciable salts are in the water used for fertigation, one needs to consider the total amount of salts applied to the crop between leaching rains rather than only the amount applied in a single fertigation. You read "Efficient Use of Fertilizers" in category "Papers" Crops vary widely in their tolerance to salts; therefore, the number of irrigations as well as the salt concentration must be considered. In some areas, high levels of boron (B) in irrigation water is a problem. Some sensitive crops can tolerate only about 1 ppm B. Total irrigation with water containing l ppm B applied to sensitive crops on light textured soils should not exceed 3 acre-inches between leaching rains. 3 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Fertilizers For Injection Into Irrigation Three qualities are necessary for a good source of fertilizer for fertigation: (1) it must contain the needed nutrient elements in a form available to plants or in a form that is readily converted (i. e. urea is readily converted to available NH4- and NO3-N forms in good soil conditions); (2) it must be uniformly distributed–either uniformly broadcast for sprinkler, furrow, or flood or uniformly distributed among emitters for drip/trickle; and (3) the chemistry of the application must be such that plants are not burned or stunted and irrigation lines, emitters, or orifices are not restricted or plugged. Considering these limitations, a rather long list of nutrient sources can still be used. In order to provide for the latter two limitations listed, the materials must either be in solution or be in suspension.For drip systems, solution is always needed and only clear liquid should be used. Nitrogen is the most fertigated element due to high plant nutritional needs, to its great mobility in soil following chemical and biological transformation to NO3-N, and because of the many soluble sources of N fertilizers available for fertigation. Many forms of N have been used in fertigation. Urea and UAN solutions are probably most commonly used, but most any soluble form of dry fertilizer can be used. Anhydrous ammonia or any other N fertilizer that has free ammonia should not be applied through sprinkler systems. Phosphoric acid, and ammonium phosphate solutions can be used as sources of phosphorus in drip systems. Ammonium phosphate solutions are subject to precipitation if injected into water with high calcium and/or magnesium concentrations. Potassium fertigation is usually accomplished with potassium chloride (muriate of potash) due to its solubility and relative low cost per pound of K. For most crops, foliage burns are not a problem due to the great dilutions in irrigation systems. Relatively pure grades of potassium chloride (white, 62% K 2O equivalent) are normally used in fertigation.Potassium nitrate has been used as a source of K and N, and potassium sulfate as a source of K and S. These K sources are less soluble and cost more per pound of K than potassium chloride. Sulfur, when needed, can also be provided as ammonium thiosulfate, ammonium sulfate or flowable S. It can be readily mixed with UAN and several other soluble fertilizer grades and injected. Magnesium sulfate (Epson salts) is often used to supply Mg and S. Micronutrients such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese may (if applied in forms such as sulfates or chlorides) react with salts in the irrigation water and cause precipitation and clogging.However, many of the micronutrients can be applied as chelates – such as iron or zinc EDTA. Chelates are generally highly water soluble and consequently, will cause little clogging or precipitation. 4 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Use Fertigation Properly And According To Regulations Fertilizer nutrients have the potential of getting into the irrigation water source if proper operating procedures and safety devices are not installed or maintained by the operator. Some states require a permit for fertigation. Be sure you are in compliance with your local regulations.Reputable fertilizer and chemical dealers should be able to provide the type of equipment shown in Figure 10. 3. Figure 10. 3 Safety devices and arrangements for fertigation through an engine powered irrigation system. Figure 10. 3 shows a recommended layout for direct injection of nutrients into irrigation pipelines. The following components are part of the system: 1. Backflow prevention device (check valve) in water line upstream of fertilizer injection – this prevents reverse flows from the irrigation system down a well or other water source. 2. Vacuum relief valve – prevents a vacuum from forming upstream of the check valve. . Backflow prevention device (automatic, quick-closing check valve) in fertilizer feed line – prevents reverse flows of water or fertilizer into the fertilizer storage tank. 4. Normally closed, solenoid-operated valve – located on the intake side of the injection pump to prevent fertilizer flow during irrigation system shutdown. 5. Electrical interlock for injection systems using electric-driven fertilizer pumps this ensures that the injection pump will shut down if the irrigation pump does. 5 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars 6. Low pressure drain valve – to drain water from the pipe between the check valve and the water source, including any leakage past the check valve. Irrigation Scheduling And Fertigation Successful moisture management calls for applying the right amount of water at the proper time. The amount of water needed will depend principally on the water-holding capacity of the soil, the soil profile depth, and the crop to be grown. Research has shown that applying N solutions through sprinkler systems on sandy soils gives greater efficiency than from preplant broadcast and sidedress applications (Table 10. ). This also allows the N to be applied at the time the crop needs it. The data in Tables 10. 2 and 10. 3 illustrate the nutrient uptake of N and K for corn and cotton. Fertilizer applications can be timed with the irrigation to supply nutrients at the most optimum growth stage. Table 10. 1: Effect of Multiple Fertilizer Applications on Irrigated Corn Fertilizer Schedule Preplant and two sidedress Bi-weekly starting at emergence Time of Last Application* 8 12 No. of Applications 3 7 Relative Yield % 72 100 * Weeks after emergence (Source: F. M. Rhoads, University of Florida, Quincy) Table 10. : Percent of Nutrients Taken Up by 180-bu. Corn Days After Emergence 0-25 26-50 (silk) 51-75 76-100 (grain fill) 101-125 N 8 35 31 2 6 %Uptake K2O 9 44 31 14 2 6 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Table 10. 3: Percent of Nutrients Taken Up by 1 1/2 Bales Cotton at Various Growth Stages GROWTH STAGE Seedling Early Square Early Boll To Maturity NITROGEN 6 14 42 38 POTASH 5 19 36 40 Researchers, using sprinkler irrigation, at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Georgia achieved increased N efficiency and highest yields when they applied 25% of the N at planting, 22. % at the six, 12 and 18 leaf stages and 7. 5% at tasseling. This technique generally utilizes conventional application of N at planting and the remainder via fertigation. This method improves N uptake early in the season when root systems are small and require high N. Later in the season, this sequence of applications anticipates N requirements while minimizing the risks of nitrate leaching. Fertigation is also sometimes used to apply supplemental applications of potash, sulfur and certain micronutrients. The need to apply such nutrients should be determined by plant analysis.Frequency and timing of water application have a major impact on yields and operating costs. For the most efficient use of water it is desirable to frequently determine the soil moisture conditions throughout the root zone of the crop being grown. Two proven practical field methods for measuring soil moisture are tensiometers and electrical resistance meters. Moisture measuring instruments should be installed at three to five locations in the field. The installation site should be representative of the soil types in the field and should be located so that it is convenient to read them on a daily basis.Figure 10. 3 illustrates the installation of tensiometers. Since the tensiometers measure the soil water levels, they must be placed in a manner that accurately reflects what conditions the root system is encountering. One should be placed six inches deep and the other 12 inches deep. The six inch depth tensiometer is used to evaluate when to start irrigating while the twelve inch depth tensiometer is used to evaluate water penetration into the soil profile plus over-or-under watering. 7 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill SegarsFigure 10. 5 Installation of tensiometers in a corn field. A tensiometer (Figure 10. 5) reading of less than 20 centibars indicates that the amount of available moisture in the plow layer is favorable. As the readings become higher, the amount of available water decreases, indicating drier conditions and a need to start irrigating. The response of corn to three selected refill points (readings on the tensiometer) on a loamy fine sand is shown in Table 10. 4. The highest yields occurred by irrigating corn when the tensiometer reached 20 centibars. Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Figure 10. 5 Diagram of a tensiometer. 9 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars Table 10. 4: Grain Yields of Irrigated Corn at Three Selected Soil/Water Refill Levels Total Irrigation Number of Water Applied Irrigations (IN) 11 8. 7 6 7. 1 4 -4. 7 — Tensiometer Reading When Irrigated 20 40 60 — YieldBu/A 190 175 160 115 Source: The University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station The type and size of the irrigation system will also influence scheduling.Center pivot systems that make complete 3600 circles require different schedules than center pivot systems that do not make complete circles. Cable tow systems require altogether different scheduling. Consult with your irrigation equipment supplier to determine the most efficient schedule for a particular system and field situation. Other Important Factors To Consider When Fertigating 1. Distribution uniformity of the irrigation water is critical for uniform application of the fertilizer. 2. Surface irrigation systems generally produce surface runoff.Make sure that any surface runoff during fertigation is picked up and reused on the field being treated or a similar field that is also being treated. Fertigation may not be suitable on fields that are very susceptible to runoff (i. e. steep slopes and low infiltration rates). 3. Make sure the combination of fertilizers and water will not produce clogging if using a micro-irrigation system. 4. Know how much water is needed to refill the root zone during the irrigation and plan the fertilizer application accordingly. Over-irrigation during fertigation not only wastes ater but could result in leaching of the fertilizer below the root zone. 5. The type of injection device is critical depending on the type of irrigation system being used. Some devices will inject at a relatively uniform rate throughout the irrigation, some will not. Be aware of which type is being used and which type is required by the situation. 6. Be aware of the requirements for flushing the irrigation system after fertigation. This may take 10 to 15 minutes. Also run clean water through the injection meter, discharge hose and check valve. 7.Irrigation systems should be monitored much more closely during fertigation, continuously if possible. 10 Efficient Fertilizer Use — Fertigation: by Dr. Bill Segars 8. Under saline conditions, salinity problems can be intensified by fertigation and improper irrigation management. The level of salinity in soil may itself be increased, even temporarily, by fertilizer application as mineral fertilizers are for the most part soluble salts. Summary When the advantages of fertigation are exploited and the disadvantages are minimized, fertigation can be a very efficient method of fertilization.Although not an end in itself, fertigation can compliment a good base soil fertility program. An understanding of the types of soil, water quality, appropriate nutrient materials, safety precautions, and cropping systems are all important factors in making fertigation useful and economical. Links to other sections of the Efficient Fertilizer Use Manual History †¢ Mey †¢ Soil †¢ pH †¢ Nitrogen †¢ Phosphorus †¢ Potassium †¢ Secondary †¢ Micronutrients †¢ Fluid-Dry †¢ Sampling †¢ Testing †¢ Site-Specific †¢ Tillage †¢ Environment †¢ Appendices †¢ Contributors 11 How to cite Efficient Use of Fertilizers, Papers

Battle Of The Bulge free essay sample

# 8211 ; A World War 2 Battle Essay, Research Paper The World War Two was a really terrible war. There were many conflicts that were fought during it. One of the biggest land conflicts was Battle of the Bulge. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //helios. ) The conflict took topographic point on December 16, 1944 under cover a really heavy fog which was really hard for the ground forces to see. ( Danzer et. Al. 744 ) These conditions are difficult to see in but to phase of the biggest land conflict in the history of World War Two, it was genuinely an dumbfounding event and a really tragic memory. The conflict was fought in a to a great extent forested Ardennes part of eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mm. ) The fact that the conflict was fought in a heavy forested country, with the conditions of the fog made the conflict more unsafe, because the sight was hapless and there was no hint where the opposite ground forces was hidden. Also, the greatest number of all, there were 100,000 German soldiers killed, wounded or captured (Cole).